# FreeBSD/ia64 6.0-RELEASE Release Notes

### The FreeBSD Project

Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 The FreeBSD Documentation Project

$FreeBSD: src/release/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/relnotes/common/new.sgml,v 1.883.2.7.2.1 2005/10/21 16:01:46 yar Exp $

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The release notes for FreeBSD 6.0-RELEASE contain a summary of the changes made to the FreeBSD base system on the 6-STABLE development line. This document lists applicable security advisories that were issued since the last release, as well as significant changes to the FreeBSD kernel and userland. Some brief remarks on upgrading are also presented.

## 1 Introduction

This document contains the release notes for FreeBSD 6.0-RELEASE on the IA-64 hardware platform. It describes recently added, changed, or deleted features of FreeBSD. It also provides some notes on upgrading from previous versions of FreeBSD.

This distribution of FreeBSD 6.0-RELEASE is a release distribution. It can be found at ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/ or any of its mirrors. More information on obtaining this (or other) release distributions of FreeBSD can be found in the “Obtaining FreeBSD” appendix to the FreeBSD Handbook.

All users are encouraged to consult the release errata before installing FreeBSD. The errata document is updated with “late-breaking” information discovered late in the release cycle or after the release. Typically, it contains information on known bugs, security advisories, and corrections to documentation. An up-to-date copy of the errata for FreeBSD 6.0-RELEASE can be found on the FreeBSD Web site.

## 2 What's New

This section describes the most user-visible new or changed features in FreeBSD since 5.4-RELEASE. In general, changes described here are unique to the 6-STABLE branch unless specifically marked as [MERGED] features.

Typical release note items document recent security advisories issued after 5.4-RELEASE, new drivers or hardware support, new commands or options, major bug fixes, or contributed software upgrades. They may also list changes to major ports/packages or release engineering practices. Clearly the release notes cannot list every single change made to FreeBSD between releases; this document focuses primarily on security advisories, user-visible changes, and major architectural improvements.

### 2.1 Security Advisories

A bug in the fetch(1) utility, which allows a malicious HTTP server to cause arbitrary portions of the client's memory to be overwritten, has been fixed. For more information, see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-04:16.fetch. [MERGED]

A bug in procfs(5) and linprocfs(5) which could allow a malicious local user to read parts of kernel memory or perform a local denial of service attack by causing a system panic, has been fixed. For more information, see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-04:17.procfs. [MERGED]

Two buffer overflows in the TELNET client program have been corrected. They could have allowed a malicious TELNET server or an active network attacker to cause telnet(1) to execute arbitrary code with the privileges of the user running it. More information can be found in security advisory FreeBSD-SA-05:01.telnet. [MERGED]

An information disclosure vulnerability in the sendfile(2) system call, which could permit it to transmit random parts of kernel memory, has been fixed. More details are in security advisory FreeBSD-SA-05:02.sendfile. [MERGED]

An information leak vulnerability in the `SIOCGIFCONF` ioctl(2), which leaked 12 bytes of kernel memory, has been fixed. More details are in security advisory FreeBSD-SA-05:04.ifconf. [MERGED]

Several programming errors in cvs(1), which could potentially cause arbitrary code to be executed on CVS servers, have been corrected. Further information can be found in security advisory FreeBSD-SA-05:05.cvs. [MERGED]

An error in the default permissions on the `/dev/iir` device node, which allowed unprivileged local users can send commands to the hardware supported by the iir(4) driver, has been fixed. For more information, see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-05:06.iir. [MERGED]

A bug in the validation of i386_get_ldt(2) system call input arguments, which may allow kernel memory to be disclosed to a user process, has been fixed. For more information, see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-05:07.ldt. [MERGED]

Several information disclosure vulnerabilities in various parts of the kernel have been fixed. For more information, see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-05:08.kmem. [MERGED]

A bug in the tcpdump(1) utility which allows a malicious remote user to cause a denial-of-service by using specially crafted packets, has been fixed. For more information, see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-05:10.tcpdump. [MERGED]

Two problems in the gzip(1) utility have been fixed. These may allow a local user to modify permissions of arbitrary files and overwrite arbitrary local files when uncompressing a file. For more information, see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-05:11.gzip. [MERGED]

A bug in BIND 9 DNSSEC has been fixed. When DNSSEC is enabled, this bug may allow a remote attacker to inject a specially crafted packet which will cause named(8) to terminate. For more information, see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-05:12.bind9. [MERGED]

A bug has been fixed in ipfw(4) that could cause packets to be matched incorrectly against a lookup table. This bug only affects SMP machines or UP machines that have the `PREEMPTION` kernel option enabled. More information is contained in security advisory FreeBSD-SA-05:13.ipfw. [MERGED]

Two security-related problems have been fixed in bzip2(1). These include a potential denial of service and unauthorized manipulation of file permissions. For more information, see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-05:14.bzip2. [MERGED]

Two problems in FreeBSD's TCP stack have been fixed. They could allow attackers to stall existing TCP connections, creating a denial-of-service situation. More information is contained in security advisory FreeBSD-SA-05:15.tcp. [MERGED]

### 2.2 Kernel Changes

The kernel debugger ddb(4) now supports a `show alllocks` command, which dumps a list of processes and threads currently holding sleep mutexes (and spin mutexes for the current thread). [MERGED]

The ichsmb(4) driver is now available as a loadable kernel module.

The jail(8) feature now supports a new sysctl `security.jail.chflags_allowed`, which controls the behavior of chflags(1) within a jail. If set to `0` (the default), then a jailed `root` user is treated as an unprivileged user; if set to `1`, then a jailed root user is treated the same as an unjailed `root` user. [MERGED]

A sysctl `security.jail.getfsstatroot_only` has been renamed to `security.jail.enforce_statfs` and now supports the following policies:

Value | Policy
--- | ---
0 | Show all mount-points without any restrictions.
1 | Show only mount-points below jail's chroot and show only part of the mount-point's path (for example, if the jail's chroot directory is `/jails/foo` and mount-point is `/jails/foo/usr/home`, only `/usr/home` will be shown).
2 | Show only mount-point where jail's chroot directory is placed.

memguard(9), a kernel memory allocator designed to help detect “tamper-after-free” scenarios, has been added. This must be explicitly enabled via `options DEBUG_MEMGUARD`, plus small kernel modifications. It is generally intended for use by kernel developers.

`struct ifnet` and the network interface API have been changed. Due to ABI incompatibility, all drivers not in the FreeBSD base system need to be updated to use the new API and recompiled.

A number of bugs have been fixed in the ULE scheduler. [MERGED]

Fine-grained locking to allow much of the VFS stack to run without the Giant lock has been added. This is enabled by default on the alpha, amd64, and i386 architectures, and can be disabled by setting the loader tunable (and sysctl variable) `debug.mpsafevfs` to `0`.

System V IPC objects (message queues, semaphores, and shared memory) now have support for Mandatory Access Control policies, notably mac_biba(4), mac_mls(4), mac_stub(4), and mac_test(4).

The sysctl(3) MIBs beginning with “debug” now require the kernel option `options SYSCTL_DEBUG`. This option is disabled by default.

The generic tty(4) driver interface has been added and many device drivers including cx(4) (`{tty,cua}x`), cy(4) (`{tty,cua}c`), digi(4) (`{tty,cua}D`), rc(4) (`{tty,cua}m`), rp(4) (`{tty,cua}R`), sab(4) (`{tty,cua}z`), si(4) (`{tty,cua}A`), sio(4) (`{tty,cua}d`), sx (`{tty,cua}G`), uart(4) (`{tty,cua}u`), ubser(4) (`{tty,cua}y`), ucom(4) (`{tty,cua}U`), and ucycom(4) (`{tty,cua}y`) have been rewritten to use it. Note that `/etc/remote` and `/etc/ttys` have been updated as well.

The vkbd(4) driver has been added. This driver provides a software loopback mechanism that can implement a virtual AT keyboard similar to what the pty(4) driver does for terminals.

The default `HZ` parameter (which controls various kernel timers) has been increased from `100` to `1000` on the i386 and ia64. It has been reduced from `1024` to `1000` on the amd64 to reduce synchronization effects with other system clocks.

The maximum length of shell commands has changed from 128 bytes to `PAGE_SIZE`. By default, this value is either 4KB (i386, pc98, amd64, and powerpc) or 8KB (sparc64 and ia64). As a result, compatibility modules need to be rebuilt to stay synchronized with data structure changes in the kernel.

A new tunable `vm.blacklist` has been added. This can hold a space or comma separated list of physical addresses. The pages containing these physical addresses will not be added to the free list and thus will effectively be ignored by the FreeBSD VM system. The physical addresses of any ignored pages are listed in the message buffer as well.

#### 2.2.1 Boot Loader Changes

The `autoboot` loader command now supports the prompt parameter.

The `autoboot` loader command will now prevent the user from interrupting the boot process at all if the `autoboot_delay` variable is set to `-1`. [MERGED]

A loader menu option to set `hint.atkbd.0.flags=0x1` has been added. This setting allows USB keyboards to work if no PS/2 keyboard is attached.

The beastie boot menu has been disabled by default.

#### 2.2.2 Hardware Support

The atkbdc(4), atkbd(4), and psm(4) drivers have been rewritten in more bus-independent way, and now support the EBus found on the sparc64 platform.

A framework for flexible processor speed control has been added. It provides methods for various drivers to control CPU power utilization by adjusting the processor speed. More details can be found in the cpufreq(4) manual page. [MERGED] Currently supported drivers include ichss (Intel SpeedStep for ICH), acpi_perf (ACPI CPU performance states), and acpi_throttle (ACPI CPU throttling). The latter two drivers are contained in the acpi(4) driver. These can individually be disabled by setting device hints such as `hint.`ichss`.0.disabled="1"`.

Support for the PadLock Security Co-processor in VIA C3 processors has been added to the crypto(9) subsystem.

The hwpmc(4) hardware performance monitoring counter driver has been added. This driver virtualizes the hardware performance monitoring facilities in modern CPUs and provides support for using these facilities from user level processes. For more details, see manual pages of hwpmc(4), associated libraries, and associated userland utilities.

The pcii driver has been added to support GPIB-PCIIA IEEE-488 cards. [MERGED]

The atkbd(4) driver now supports a `0x8` (bit 3) flag to disable testing the keyboard port during the device probe as this can cause hangs on some machines, specifically Compaq R3000Z series amd64 laptops.

The psm(4) driver now has improved support for Synaptics Touchpad users. It now has better tracking of slow-speed movement and support for various extra buttons and dials. These features can be tuned with the `hw.psm.synaptics.`*`` hierarchy of sysctl variables.

The uftdi(4) driver now supports the FTDI FT2232C chip.

The uplcom(4) driver now supports handling of the `CTS` signal.

The ehci(4) driver has been improved.

##### 2.2.2.1 Multimedia Support

The snd_csa(4) driver now supports suspend and resume operation.

The uaudio(4) driver now has some added functionality, including volume control on more inputs and recording capability on some devices. [MERGED]

##### 2.2.2.2 Network Interface Support

The ath(4) driver has been updated to split the transmit rate control algorithm into a separate module. One of `device ath_rate_onoe`, `device ath_rate_amrr`, or `device ath_rate_sample` must be included in the kernel configuration when using the ath(4) driver.

The bge(4) driver now supports the altq(4) framework, as well as the BCM5714, 5721, 5750, 5751, 5751M and 5789 chips. [MERGED]

The cdce(4) USB Communication Device Class Ethernet driver has been added. [MERGED]

The cp(4) driver is now MPSAFE. [MERGED]

The ctau(4) driver is now MPSAFE. [MERGED]

The cx(4) driver is now MPSAFE. [MERGED]

The dc(4) driver now supports the altq(4) framework and is MPSAFE. [MERGED]

The de(4) driver is now MPSAFE.

The ed(4) driver now supports the altq(4) framework. [MERGED]

The ed(4) driver is now MPSAFE.

In the em(4) driver, hardware support for VLAN tagging is now disabled by default due to some interactions between this feature and promiscuous mode. [MERGED]

Ethernet flow control is now disabled by default in the fxp(4) driver, to prevent problems on a subnet when a system panics or is left in the kernel debugger. [MERGED]

The gx(4) driver has been removed because it is no longer maintained actively and the em(4) driver supports all of the supported hardware.

The hme(4) driver is now MPSAFE. [MERGED]

The ipw(4) (for Intel PRO/Wireless 2100), iwi(4) (for Intel PRO/Wireless 2200BG/2225BG/2915ABG), ral(4) (for Ralink Technology RT2500), and ural(4) (for Ralink Technology RT2500USB) drivers have been added.

The ixgb(4) driver is now MPSAFE. [MERGED]

The musycc driver, for the LanMedia LMC1504 T1/E1 network interface card, has been removed due to disuse.

The my(4) driver is now MPSAFE.

The pcn(4) driver is now MPSAFE.

The re(4) driver now supports the altq(4) framework. [MERGED]

The sf(4) driver now has support for device polling and altq(4) and is MPSAFE. [MERGED]

Several programming errors in the sk(4) driver have been corrected. These bugs were particular to SMP systems, and could cause panics, page faults, aborted SSH connections, or corrupted file transfers. More details can be found in errata note FreeBSD-EN-05:02.sk. [MERGED]

The sk(4) driver now has support for altq(4). This driver also now supports jumbo frames on Yukon-based interfaces. [MERGED]

The ste(4) driver now has support for altq(4).

The vge(4) driver now has support for device polling ( polling(4)).

Support for 802.11 devices in the wlan(4) framework has been greatly overhauled. In addition to architectural changes, it includes completed 802.11g, WPA, 802.11i, 802.1x, WME/WMM, AP-side power-saving, and plugin frameworks for cryptography modules, authenticators, and access control. Note in particular that WEP now requires the `wlan_wep` module to be loaded (or compiled) into the kernel.

The xl(4) driver now supports polling(4). [MERGED]

#### 2.2.3 Network Protocols

The MTU feedback in IPv6 has been disabled when the sender writes data that must be fragmented. [MERGED]

The Common Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP) has been implemented. CARP comes from OpenBSD and allows multiple hosts to share an IP address, providing high availability and load balancing. For more information, see the carp(4) manual page. [MERGED]

The if_bridge(4) network bridging implementation, originally from NetBSD, has been added. It supports the IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol, individual interface devices for each bridge, and filtering of bridged packets. The ifconfig(8) utility now supports configuration of if_bridge(4).

The ipfw(4) `IPDIVERT` option is now available as a kernel loadable module. If this module is not loaded, ipfw(4) will refuse to install `divert` rules and natd(8) will return the error message “protocol not supported”.

The ipfw(4) system can work with `debug.mpsafenet`=`1` (this tunable is `1` by default) when the `gid`, `jail`, and/or `uid` rule options are used. [MERGED]

The ipfw(4) and dummynet(4) systems now support IPv6.

ipfw(8) now supports classification and tagging of altq(4) packets via a divert socket. It is also possible to specify rules that match TCP packets with specific payload sizes.

The ipfw(8) `ipfw fwd` rule now supports the full packet destination manipulation when the kernel option `options IPFIREWALL_FORWARD_EXTENDED` is specified in addition to `options IPFIRWALL_FORWARD`. This kernel option disables all restrictions to ensure proper behavior for locally generated packets and allows redirection of packets destined to locally configured IP addresses. Note that ipfw(8) rules have to be carefully crafted to make sure that things like PMTU discovery do not break. [MERGED]

The ipfw(8) system now supports IPv4 only rules.

ipnat(8) now allows redirect rules to work for non-TCP/UDP packets. [MERGED]

Ongoing work is reducing the use of the Giant lock by the network protocol stack and improving the locking strategies.

The `libalias` library can now be built as a kernel module.

The link state change notifications of network interfaces are sent to `/dev/devctl` now.

A new ng_ipfw(4) NetGraph node provides a simple interface between the ipfw(4) and netgraph(4) facilities.

A new ng_nat(4) NetGraph node has been added to perform NAT functions.

A new ng_netflow(4) NetGraph node allows a router running FreeBSD to do NetFlow version 5 exports. [MERGED]

A new ng_tcpmss(4) NetGraph node has been added. This supports altering MSS options of TCP packets.

The sppp(4) driver now includes Frame Relay support. [MERGED]

The sppp(4) driver is now MPSAFE.

The FreeBSD routing table now requires gateways for routes to be of the same address family as the route itself. The route(8) utility now rejects a combination of different address families. For example:

    # route add 10.1.1.1 -inet6 fe80::1%fxp0

The new sysctl `net.link.tap.user_open` has been implemented. This allows unprivileged access to tap(4) device nodes based on file system permissions.

A bug in TCP that sometimes caused RST packets to be ignored if the receive window was zero bytes has been fixed. [MERGED]

The `RST` handling of the FreeBSD TCP stack has been improved to make reset attacks as difficult as possible while maintaining compatibility with the widest range of TCP stacks. The algorithm is as follows: For connections in the `ESTABLISHED` state, only resets with sequence numbers exactly matching `last_ack_sent` will cause a reset; all other segments will be silently dropped. For connections in all other states, a reset anywhere in the window will cause the connection to be reset. All other segments will be silently dropped. Note that this behavior technically violates the RFC 793 specification; the conventional (but less secure) behavior can be restored by setting a new sysctl `net.inet.tcp.insecure_rst` to `1`. [MERGED]

Several bugs in the TCP SACK implementation have been fixed. [MERGED]

RFC 1644 T/TCP support has been removed. This is because the design is based on a weak security model that can easily permit denial-of-service attacks. This TCP extension has been considered a defective one in a recent Internet Draft.

The KAME IPv4 IPsec implementation integrated in FreeBSD now supports TCP-MD5. [MERGED]

Random ephemeral port number allocation has led to some problems with port reuse at high connection rates. This feature is now disabled during periods of high connection rates; whenever new connections are created faster than `net.inet.ip.portrange.randomcps` per second, port number randomization is disabled for the next `net.inet.ip.portrange.randomtime` seconds. The default values for these two sysctl variables are `10` and `45`, respectively. [MERGED]

Fine-grained locking has been applied to many of the data structures in the IPX/SPX protocol stack. While not fully MPSAFE at this point, it is generally safe to use IPX/SPX without the Giant lock (in other words, the `debug.mpsafenet` sysctl variable may be set to `1`).

Unix domain sockets now support the `LOCAL_CREDS` and `LOCAL_CONNWAIT` options. The `LOCAL_CREDS` option provides a mechanism for the receiver to receive the credentials of the process as a recvmsg(2) control message. The `LOCAL_CONNWAIT` option causes the connect(2) function to block until accept(2) has been called on the listening socket. For more details, see the unix(4) manual page.

#### 2.2.4 Disks and Storage

The amr(4) driver is now safe for use on systems using pae(4). [MERGED]

The arcmsr(4) driver has been added. It supports the Areca ARC-11`xx` and ARC-12`xx` series of SATA RAID controllers. [MERGED]

The ata(4) family of drivers has been overhauled and updated. It has been split into modules that can be loaded and unloaded independently (the `atapci` and `ata` modules are prerequisites for the device subdrivers, which are `atadisk`, `atapicd`, `atapifd`, `atapist`, and `ataraid`). On supported SATA controllers, devices can be hot inserted/removed. ATA RAID support has been rewritten and supports a number of new metadata formats. The `atapicd` driver no longer supports CD changers. This update has been referred to as “ATA mkIII”.

The SHSEC GEOM class has been added. It provides for the sharing of a secret between multiple GEOM providers. All of these providers must be present in order to reveal the secret. This feature is controlled by the gshsec(8) utility. [MERGED]

A new GEOM-based disk encryption facility, GEOM_ELI, has been added. It uses the crypto(9) framework for hardware acceleration and supports different cryptographic algorithms. See geli(8) for more information. [MERGED]

The hptmv(4) driver, which supports the HighPoint RocketRAID 182x series, has been added. [MERGED]

The ips(4) driver now support kernel crash dumps on some modern ServeRAID models. [MERGED]

The matcd(4) driver has been removed. [MERGED]

The default SCSI boot-time probe delay in the `GENERIC` kernel has been reduced from fifteen seconds to five seconds.

The old vinum(4) subsystem has been removed in favor of the new geom(4)-based version.

The twa(4) driver has been updated to the 9.2 release (for FreeBSD 5.2.1) distributed from the 3ware website.

Information about newly-mounted cd9660 file systems (such as the presence of RockRidge extensions) is now only printed if the kernel was booted in verbose mode. This change was made to reduce the amount of (generally unnecessary) kernel log messages. [MERGED]

#### 2.2.5 File Systems

Recomputing the summary information for “dirty” UFS and UFS2 file systems is no longer done at mount time, but is now done by background fsck(8). This change improves the startup speed when mounting large file systems after a crash. The prior behavior can be restored by setting the `vfs.ffs.compute_summary_at_mount` sysctl variable to a non-zero value. [MERGED]

A kernel panic in the NFS server has been fixed. More details can be found in errata note FreeBSD-EN-05:01.nfs. [MERGED]

#### 2.2.6 Contributed Software

ACPI-CA has been updated from 20040527 to 20041119. [MERGED]

### 2.3 Userland Changes

The bsdiff(1) and bspatch(1) binary diff and binary patching tools have been added.

The burncd(8) utility now allows commands (such as `eject`) to take place after fixating a disk.

The chflags(1) utility now supports the `-h` flag, which supports changing flags on symbolic links.

The env(1) program now supports a `-v` flag to write the command to standard error before it is executed.

The env(1) program now supports a `-S `string`` option to split the `string` and pass them to the command as the command-line arguments.

The env(1) program now supports a `-P `altpath`` option to set the command search path used to look for the command.

The ftpd(8) program now uses the `212` and `213` status codes for directory and file status correctly (`211` was used in the previous versions). This behavior is described in RFC 959. [MERGED]

The `create` command of the gpt(8) utility now supports a `-f` command-line flag to force creation of a GPT even when there is an MBR record on a disk. [MERGED]

The getaddrinfo(3) function now queries `A` DNS resource records before `AAAA` records when `AF_UNSPEC` is specified. Some broken DNS servers return `NXDOMAIN` against non-existent `AAAA` queries, even when it should return `NOERROR` with empty return records. This is a problem for an IPv4/IPv6 dual stack node because the `NXDOMAIN` returned by the first query of an `AAAA` record makes the querying server stop attempting to resolve the `A` record if any. Also, this behavior has been recognized as a potential denial-of-service attack (see http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/714121 for more details). Note that although the query order has been changed, the returned result still includes `AF_INET6` records before `AF_INET` records. [MERGED]

The gethostbyname(3), gethostbyname2(3), and gethostbyaddr(3) functions are now thread-safe. [MERGED]

The getnetent(3), getnetbyname(3), and getnetbyaddr(3) functions are now thread-safe. [MERGED]

The getprotoent(3), getprotobyname(3), and getprotobynumber(3) functions are now thread-safe. [MERGED]

The getservent(3), getservbyname(3), and getservbyport(3) functions are now thread-safe. [MERGED]

For conformation to IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (also known as POSIX 2001), the `n_net` member of `struct netent` and the first argument of getnetbyaddr(3) has been changed to an `uint32_t`. Due to these changes, the ABI on 64-bit platforms is incompatible with previous releases of FreeBSD and the major version number of the `libpcap` shared library has been bumped. On 64-bit platforms being upgraded from older FreeBSD versions, all userland programs that use getnetbyaddr(3), getnetbyname(3), getnetent(3), and/or `libpcap` have to be recompiled.

The gvinum(8) utility now supports the `checkparity`, `rebuildparity`, and `setstate` subcommands. [MERGED]

The ifconfig(8) utility has been restructured. It is now more modular and flexible with respect to supporting interface-specific functionality. The 802.11 support has been updated to support recent changes to the 802.11 subsystem and drivers.

The ifconfig(8) utility now supports a `-tunnel` parameter, which is just an alias for `deletetunnel`, yet is more convenient and easier to type.

The `-vlandev` parameter to ifconfig(8) no longer requires a network interface as its argument. The argument still is supported for backward compatibility, but now it is deprecated and its use is discouraged.

Support for abbreviated forms of a number of ipfw(8) options has been deprecated. Warnings are printed to stderr indicating the correct full form when one of these abbreviations is detected.

The kldstat(8) utility now supports a `-m` option to return the status of a specific kernel module. [MERGED]

The on-disk format of `LC_CTYPE` files has been changed to be machine-independent.

The libkvm now supports ELF crash dumps on amd64 and i386 platforms, large crash dumps (more than 4GB) on 32-bit platforms, and PAE crash dumps on i386 platform.

The mixer(8) utility now supports the `-S` option. This is the same as the `-s` option but does not output mixing field separators.

A bug in the `libalias` library which causes a core dump when the `-reverse` option is specified in natd(8) has been fixed.

The `libarchive` library (as well as the tar(1) command that uses it) now has support for reading ISO images (with optional RockRidge extensions) and ZIP archives (with `deflate` and `none` compression). [MERGED]

The `libarchive` library now supports handling a ZIP archive entry with more than 4GB compressed size (ZIP64 extension) and Unix extension.

The `libgpib` library has been added to give userland access to GPIB devices (using the the pcii driver) via the `ib`foo`` API. [MERGED]

The default stack sizes in `libpthread`, `libthr`, and `libc_r` have been increased. On 32-bit platforms, the main thread receives a 2MB stack size by default, with other threads receiving a 1MB stack size by default. On 64-bit platforms, the default stack sizes are 4MB and 2MB respectively. [MERGED]

The `libxpg4` library has been removed because all of its functionality was long ago merged into `libc`. All binaries linked with `libxpg4` must be recompiled or use libmap.conf(5). Note that the FreeBSD base system has no such binaries.

The lpd(8) program now checks to make sure the data file has been completely transfered before starting to print it when a data file received from some other host. Some implementations of lpr(1) send the control file for a print job before sending the matching data files, which can cause problems if the receiving host is a busy print-server. [MERGED]

A number of new functions have been implemented in the math(3) library. These include ceill(3), floorl(3), ilogbl(3), fma(3) and variants, lrint(3) and variants, and lround(3) and variants. [MERGED]

The mknod(8) utility is now deprecated. Device nodes have been managed by the devfs(5) device file system since FreeBSD 5.0.

The moused(8) daemon now supports “virtual scrolling”, in which mouse motions made while holding down the middle mouse button are interpreted as scrolling. This feature is enabled with the `-V` flag. [MERGED]

A separate directory has been added for named(8) dynamic zones which is owned by the `bind` user (for creation of the zone journal file). For more detail, see an example dynamic zone in the sample named.conf(5). [MERGED]

The ncal(1) utility now supports a `-m` flag to generate a calendar for a specified month in the current year. [MERGED]

The newfs(8) utility now supports a `-n` flag to suppress the creation of a `.snap` directory on new file systems. This feature is intended for use on memory or vnode file systems that will not require snapshot support. [MERGED]

The newfs(8) utility now emits a warning when creating a UFS or UFS2 file system that cannot support snapshots. This situation can occur in the case of very large file systems with small block sizes. [MERGED]

The newsyslog(8) utility now supports a `-d` option to specify an alternate root for log files similar to `DESTDIR` in the BSD make process. This only affects log file paths, not configuration file (`-f`) or archive directory (`-a`) paths.

The newsyslog(8) utility now supports a option `-N` that causes it not to rotate any files.

The `NO_NIS` compile-time knob for userland has been added. As its name implies, enabling this `Makefile` variable will cause NIS support to be excluded from various programs and will cause the NIS utilities to not be built. [MERGED]

For years, FreeBSD has used `Makefile` variables of the form `NO`FOO`` and `NO_`FOO``. For consistency, those variables using the former naming convention have been converted to the `NO_`FOO`` form. The file `/usr/share/mk/bsd.compat.mk` has a complete list of these variables; it also implements some temporary backward compatibility for the old names.

The periodic(8) security output now supports the display of information about blocked packet counts from pf(4). [MERGED]

The pgrep(1) command now supports a `-S` option which allows matching system processes (kernel threads).

The pgrep(1) and pkill(1) commands now support a `-F` option, which matches a process whose PID is stored in a file.

The pgrep(1) and pkill(1) commands now support a `-i` option to ignore case in the process match.

The pgrep(1) and pkill(1) commands now support a `-j` option that matches processes based on their jail(2) ID.

The pgrep(1) and pkill(1) commands now support a `-o` option which matches only the oldest (least recently started) of the matching processes.

The portsnap(8) utility for downloading, updating, and extracting compressed snapshots of the FreeBSD ports tree has been added.

The powerd(8) program for managing power consumption has been added.

The ppp(8) program now implements an `echo` parameter, which allows LCP ECHOs to be enabled independently of LQR reports. Older versions of ppp(8) would revert to LCP ECHO mode on negotiation failure. It is now necessary to specify `enable echo` to get this behavior. [MERGED]

The `disable NAS-IP-Address` and `disable NAS-Identifier` options, which support pre-RFC 2865 RADIUS servers have been added to the ppp(8) program.

Two bugs in the pppd(8) program have been fixed. They may result in an incorrect CBCP response, which violates the Microsoft PPP Callback Control Protocol section 3.2. [MERGED]

The ps(1) utility now supports a `jid` keyword in the `-o` option. It displays the jail(2) ID of each process.

The pstat(8) program now supports a `-h` option to print swap sizes with SI prefixes such as K, M, and G, which are used to form binary multiples.

The rescue(8) utilities in the `/rescue` directory now include bsdtar(1) instead of GNU tar.

The restore(8) utility has regained the ability to read FreeBSD version 1 dump tapes. [MERGED]

A bug of the rexecd(8) utility which results in it behaving as if the `-i` option is always specified has been fixed. [MERGED]

The rexecd(8) utility has been removed. There are no rexec clients in the FreeBSD tree, and the client function rexec(3) is present only in `libcompat`.

The rm(1) utility now supports an `-I` option that asks for confirmation (once) if recursively removing directories or if more than 3 files are listed in the command line. [MERGED]

The rm(1) utility now suppresses diagnostic messages when it attempts to remove a non-existent directory with the `-r` and `-f` options specified. This behavior is required by Version 3 of the Single UNIX Specification (SUSv3).

The following ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard functions have been implemented: `roundl()`, `lroundl()`, `llroundl()`, `truncl()`, and `floorl()`.

An rpmatch(3) library function has been added to check a string for being an affirmative or negative response in the current locale.

The rtld(1) dynamic linker now supports specifying library replacements via the `LD_LIBMAP` environment variable. This variable will override the entries in libmap.conf(5). [MERGED]

The rune(3) non-standard multibyte and wide character support interface has been removed.

sed(1) now supports a `-l` option to make its output line-buffered. [MERGED]

The strftime(3) function now supports some GNU extensions such as `-` (no padding), `_` (use space as padding), and `0` (zero padding). [MERGED]

The syslog(3) function is now thread-safe. [MERGED]

The syslogd(8) utility now opens an additional domain socket (`/var/run/logpriv` by default), with `0600` permissions to be used by privileged programs. This prevents privileged programs from locking when the domain sockets run out of buffer space due to a local denial-of-service attack. [MERGED]

The syslogd(8) now supports the `-S` option, which changes the pathname of the privileged socket. This is useful for preventing the daemon from receiving any messages from the local sockets (`/var/run/log` and `/var/run/logpriv` are used by default). [MERGED]

The syslogd(8) utility now allows `:` and `%` characters in the hostname specifications. These characters are used in IPv6 addresses and scope IDs. [MERGED]

The systat(1) `-netstat` display is now IPv6-aware. [MERGED]

The `-f` option of tail(1) utility now supports more than one file at a time. [MERGED]

The telnet(1) and telnetd(8) programs now support the `-S` option for specifying a numeric TOS byte.

Prepending a `+` character to port numbers passed to telnet(1) program will now disable option negotiation and allow the transfer of characters with the high bit set. This feature is intended to support the fairly common use of telnet(1) as a protocol tester.

The tcpdrop(8) command, which closes a selected TCP connection, has been added. It was obtained from OpenBSD. [MERGED]

what(1) now supports a `-q` flag, which causes it to print matching text, but not format it.

whois(1) now supports a `-k` flag for querying `whois.krnic.net` (the National Internet Development Agency of Korea), which holds details of IP address allocations within Korea. [MERGED]

The `-I` option of the xargs(1) command has been changed to conform to IEEE Std 1003.1-2004. The standard requires that the constructed arguments cannot grow larger than 255 bytes.

A bug, which caused the last line of configuration files such as hosts(5), services(5), and so on to be ignored if it did not end in a newline character, has been fixed. [MERGED]

A new system user/group `_dhcp` has been added to support dhclient(8) from OpenBSD.

#### 2.3.1 `/etc/rc.d` Scripts

The `rc.d/bsnmpd` startup script for bsnmpd(1) has been added.

The `rc.d/jail` startup script now supports `jail_`name`_flags` variable which allows to specify jail(8) flags. [MERGED]

rc.conf(5) now supports changes of network interface names at boot time. [MERGED] For example:

    ifconfig_fxp0_name="net0"
    ifconfig_net0="inet 10.0.0.1/16"

The `rc.d/moused` script now starts/stops/checks a specific device when the device name is given as the second argument to the script:

    # /etc/rc.d/moused start ums0

To use different rc.conf(5) knobs with different mice, use the device name as part of the knob. For example, if the mouse device is `/dev/ums0` the following lines can be used:

    moused_ums0_enable=yes
    moused_ums0_flags="-z 4"
    moused_ums0_port="/dev/ums0"

rc.conf(5) now supports the `tmpmfs_flags` and `varmfs_flags` variables. These can be used to pass extra options to the mdmfs(8) utility, to customize the finer details of the md(4) file system creation, such as to turn on/off softupdates, to specify a default owner for the file system, and so on. [MERGED]

The following scripts have been removed because they were NetBSD specific and never used in FreeBSD: `altqd`, `dhcpd`, `dhcrelay`, `downinterfaces`, `gated`, `ifwatchd`, `kdc`, `lkm1`, `lkm2`, `lkm3`, `mixerctl`, `mopd`, `mountall`, `ndbootd`, `network`, `poffd`, `postfix`, `ppp`, `racoon`, `raidframe`, `rbootd`, `rtsold`, `screenblank`, `swap2`, `sysdb`, `wscons`, `xdm`, and `xfs`

### 2.4 Contributed Software

awk has been updated from the 7 February 2004 release to the 24 April 2005 release.

BIND has been updated from version 9.3.0 to version 9.3.1. [MERGED]

bsnmp has been updated from 1.7 to 1.10.

bzip2 has been updated from 1.0.2 to 1.0.3.

OpenBSD dhclient as of OpenBSD 3.7 has been imported. It replaces the ISC DHCP client used in prior versions of FreeBSD.

FILE has been updated from 4.10 to 4.12.

GNU GCC has been updated from from 3.4.2-prerelease as of 28 July, 2004 to 3.4.4.

A number of bug fixes and performance enhancements have been added to GNU grep in the form of patches from Fedora's grep-2.5.1-48 source RPM.

GNU readline has been updated from version 4.3 to version 5.0.

IPFilter has been updated from 3.4.35 to 4.1.18.

Heimdal has been updated from 0.6.1 to 0.6.3. [MERGED]

The hostapd v0.3.9 has been imported. This is a user space IEEE 802.11 AP and IEEE 802.1X/WPA/WPA2/EAP Authenticator and RADIUS authentication server. For more details, see hostapd(8).

libpcap has been updated from v0.8.3 to v0.9.1 (alpha 096).

libregex has been updated from a snapshot from GNU grep 2.5.1 to a snapshot from the `fedora-glibc-2_3_4-21` tag in the glibc CVS repository.

libz has been updated from 1.2.1 to 1.2.2.

lukemftp has been updated from a 26 April 2004 snapshot from NetBSD's sources to a snapshot as of 16 May 2005.

A snapshot of netcat from OpenBSD as of 4 February 2005 has been added. More information can be found in the nc(1) manual page. [MERGED]

NgATM has been updated from 1.0 to 1.2.

OpenPAM has been updated from the Eelgrass release to the Figwort release.

OpenSSH has been updated from 3.8p1 to 4.1p1.

OpenSSL has been updated from 0.9.7d to 0.9.7e. [MERGED]

pf has been updated from the version included with OpenBSD 3.5 to the version included with OpenBSD 3.7.

sendmail has been updated from version 8.13.3 to version 8.13.4. It now supports `OSTYPE(freebsd6)`.

tcpdump has been updated from v3.8.3 to v3.9.1 (alpha 096).

tcsh has been updated from 6.13.00 to 6.14.00.

texinfo has been updated from 4.6 to 4.8.

The timezone database has been updated from the tzdata2004e release to the tzdata2004g release. [MERGED]

The WPA Supplicant v0.3.9 has been imported. This provides WPA Supplicant component of WPA/IEEE 802.11i features. For more details, see wpa_supplicant(8).

### 2.5 Ports/Packages Collection Infrastructure

The pkg_create(1) utility now supports a `-R` flag. When creating a package file from the locally installed package, it creates package files for all packages on which that locally installed package depends if this flag is specified.

The pkg_version(1) utility now supports a `-q` flag to suppress the output of the port version comparison characters `<`, `=`, and `>`.

The pkg_version(1) utility now supports a `-I` flag, which causes only the `INDEX` file to be used for determining if a package is out of date. [MERGED]

The `ports/INDEX`*`` files, which kept an index of all of the entries in the ports collection, have been removed from the CVS repository. [MERGED] These files were generated only infrequently, and therefore were usually out-of-date and inaccurate. Users requiring an index file (such as for use by programs such as portupgrade(1)) have two alternatives for obtaining a copy:

- Build an index file based on the current ports tree by running `make index` from the top of the `ports/` tree.

- Fetch an index file over the network by running `make fetchindex` from the top of the `ports/` tree. This index file will (typically) be accurate to within a day.

### 2.6 Release Engineering and Integration

In prior FreeBSD releases, the `disc1` CD-ROM (or ISO image) was a bootable installation disk containing the base system, ports tree, and common packages. The `disc2` CD-ROM (or ISO image) was a bootable “fix it” disk with a live filesystem, to be used for making emergency repairs. This layout has now changed. For all architectures except ia64, the `disc1` image now contains the base system distribution files, ports tree, and the live filesystem, making it suitable for both an initial installation and repair purposes. (On the ia64, the live filesystem is on a separate disk due to its size.) Packages appear on separate disks; in particular, the `disc2` image contains commonly packages such as desktop environments. Documents from the FreeBSD Documentation Project also appear on `disc2`. [MERGED]

The supported version of the GNOME desktop environment has been updated from 2.6.2 to 2.10.2. More information about running GNOME on FreeBSD can be found on the FreeBSD GNOME Project Web page. [MERGED]

> Note: Users of older versions of the GNOME desktop (`x11/gnome2`) must take particular care in upgrading. Simply upgrading it from the FreeBSD Ports Collection with portupgrade(1) (`sysutils/portupgrade`) will cause serious problems. GNOME desktop users should read the instructions carefully at http://www.FreeBSD.org/gnome/docs/faq210.html and use the `gnome_upgrade.sh` script to properly upgrade to GNOME 2.10.

The supported version of the KDE desktop environment has been updated from 3.3.0 to 3.4.2. More information regarding running KDE on FreeBSD can be found on the KDE on FreeBSD Web page. [MERGED]

> Note: Users of older versions of KDE should follow the upgrading procedure documented on the KDE on FreeBSD Web page or in `ports/UPDATING`.

The supported version of Xorg has been updated from 6.7.0 to 6.8.2. [MERGED]

### 2.7 Documentation

Documentation of existing functionality has been improved by the addition of the following manual pages: acpi_ibm(4), acpi_sony(4), ataraid(4), bus_space(9), central(4), clkbrd(4), creator(4), devfs.conf(5), devfs.rules(5), ebus(4), eeprom(4), fhc(4), machfb(4), ofw_console(4), openfirm(4), openprom(4), pmap_page_init(9), pthread_atfork(3), rtc(4), sbus(4), sched_4bsd(4), sched_ule(4), snd_fm801(4), snd_neomagic(4), snd_t4dwave(4), snd_via8233(4), snd_via82c686(4), and snd_vibes(4).

Manual pages in the base system have received a number of cleanups, both for content and presentation. Cross-references are more correct and consistent, standard section headings are now used throughout, and markup has been cleaned up.

The following manual pages, which were derived from RFCs and possibly violate the IETF's copyrights, have been replaced: gai_strerror(3), getaddrinfo(3), getnameinfo(3), inet6_opt_init(3), inet6_option_space(3), inet6_rth_space(3), inet6_rthdr_space(3), icmp6(4), and ip6(4). [MERGED]

## 3 Upgrading from previous releases of FreeBSD

Source upgrades to FreeBSD 6.0-RELEASE are only supported from FreeBSD 5.3-RELEASE or later. Users of older systems wanting to upgrade 6.0-RELEASE will need to update to FreeBSD 5.3 or newer first, then to FreeBSD 6.0-RELEASE.

> Important: Upgrading FreeBSD should, of course, only be attempted after backing up all data and configuration files.

This file, and other release-related documents, can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/.

For questions about FreeBSD, read the documentation before contacting <questions@FreeBSD.org>.

For questions about this documentation, e-mail <doc@FreeBSD.org>.