# FreeBSD/ia64 5.3-RELEASE Release Notes

### The FreeBSD Project

Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 The FreeBSD Documentation Project

$FreeBSD: src/release/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/relnotes/common/new.sgml,v 1.761.2.12.2.3 2004/11/03 10:12:51 hrs Exp $

The release notes for FreeBSD 5.3-RELEASE contain a summary of the changes made to the FreeBSD base system since 5.2.1-RELEASE. This document lists applicable security advisories that were issued since the last release, as well as significant changes to the FreeBSD kernel and userland. Some brief remarks on upgrading are also presented.

## 1 Introduction

This document contains the release notes for FreeBSD 5.3-RELEASE on the IA-64 hardware platform. It describes recently added, changed, or deleted features of FreeBSD. It also provides some notes on upgrading from previous versions of FreeBSD.

This distribution of FreeBSD 5.3-RELEASE is a release distribution. It can be found at ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/ or any of its mirrors. More information on obtaining this (or other) release distributions of FreeBSD can be found in the ``Obtaining FreeBSD'' appendix to the FreeBSD Handbook.

All users are encouraged to consult the release errata before installing FreeBSD. The errata document is updated with ``late-breaking'' information discovered late in the release cycle or after the release. Typically, it contains information on known bugs, security advisories, and corrections to documentation. An up-to-date copy of the errata for FreeBSD 5.3-RELEASE can be found on the FreeBSD Web site.

## 2 What's New

This section describes the most user-visible new or changed features in FreeBSD since 5.2.1-RELEASE. In general, changes described here are unique to the 5-STABLE branch unless specifically marked as [MERGED] features.

Typical release note items document recent security advisories issued after 5.3-RELEASE, new drivers or hardware support, new commands or options, major bug fixes, or contributed software upgrades. They may also list changes to major ports/packages or release engineering practices. Clearly the release notes cannot list every single change made to FreeBSD between releases; this document focuses primarily on security advisories, user-visible changes, and major architectural improvements.

### 2.1 Security Advisories

A bug in mksnap_ffs(8) has been fixed; it caused the creation of a file system snapshot to reset the flags on the file system to their default values. The possible consequences depended on local usage, but could include disabling extended access control lists or enabling the use of setuid executables stored on an untrusted file system. This bug also affected the dump(8) -L option, which uses mksnap_ffs(8). Note that mksnap_ffs(8) is normally only available to the superuser and members of the `operator` group. For more information, see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-04:01.

A bug with the System V Shared Memory interface (specifically the shmat(2) system call) has been fixed. This bug can cause a shared memory segment to reference unallocated kernel memory. In turn, this can permit a local attacker to gain unauthorized access to parts of kernel memory, possibly resulting in disclosure of sensitive information, bypass of access control mechanisms, or privilege escalation. More details can be found in security advisory FreeBSD-SA-04:02. [MERGED]

A programming error in the jail_attach(2) system call has been fixed. This error could allow a process with superuser privileges inside a jail(8) environment to change its root directory to that of a different jail, and thus gain full read and write access to files and directories within the target jail. More information can be found in security advisory FreeBSD-SA-04:03.

A potential low-bandwidth denial-of-service attack against the FreeBSD TCP stack has been prevented by limiting the number of out-of-sequence TCP segments that can be held at one time. More details can be found in security advisory FreeBSD-SA-04:04. [MERGED]

A bug in OpenSSL's SSL/TLS ChangeCipherSpec message processing that could result in a null pointer dereference has been fixed. This could allow a remote attacker to crash an OpenSSL-using application and cause a denial-of-service on the system. More details can be found in security advisory FreeBSD-SA-04:05. [MERGED]

A programming error in the handling of some IPv6 socket options within the setsockopt(2) system call has been fixed. This allows a local attacker to cause a system panic, and may allow unauthorized access to parts of kernel memory, possibly resulting in disclosure of sensitive information, bypass of access control mechanisms, or privilege escalation. More details can be found in security advisory FreeBSD-SA-04:06.

Two programming errors in CVS have been fixed. They allow a server to overwrite arbitrary files on the client, and a client to read arbitrary files on the server when accessing remote CVS repositories. More details can be found in security advisory FreeBSD-SA-04:07. [MERGED]

A bugfix for Heimdal rectifies a problem in which it would not perform adequate checking of authentication across autonomous realms. For more information, see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-04:08. [MERGED]

A programming error in CVS which could allow a malicious client to overwrite arbitrary portions of the server's memory has been fixed. For more information, see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-04:10. [MERGED]

A potential cache consistency problem of the implementation of the msync(2) system call involving the MS_INVALIDATE operation has been fixed. However, as a side effect of closing this security problem, the MS_INVALIDATE flag no longer guarantees that all pages in the range are invalidated. Users who require the old semantics of MS_INVALIDATE and are not concerned with the security issue being fixed can set the vm.old_msync sysctl to 1 which will revert to the old (insecure) behavior. For more information, see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-04:11. [MERGED]

A programming error in the jail(2) system call which results in a failure to verify that an attempt to manipulate routing tables originated from a non-jailed process has been fixed. For more information, see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-04:12. [MERGED]

A programming error in the handling of some Linux system calls which may result in memory locations being accessed without proper validation has been fixed. For more information, see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-04:13. [MERGED]

A number of programming errors in CVS which allow information disclosure, denial-of-service, or possibly arbitrary code execution, have been fixed via an upgrade to CVS 1.11.17. For more information, see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-04:14.

A bug in the CONS_SCRSHOT ioctl(2) has been fixed; it may allow unauthorized access to parts of kernel memory, possibly resulting in disclosure of sensitive information, bypass of access control mechanisms, or privilege escalation. For more information, see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-04:15.

### 2.2 Kernel Changes

ADAPTIVE_MUTEXES has been added and enabled by default. This changes the behavior of blocking mutexes to spin if the thread that currently owns the mutex is executing on another CPU. This feature can be disabled explicitly by setting a kernel option NO_ADAPTIVE_MUTEXES.

A kernel option ADAPTIVE_GIANT, which causes the Giant lock to also be treated in an adaptive fashion when adaptive mutexes are enabled, has been added. This improves the performance of SMP machines and is enabled by default on the i386.

The bus_dma(9) interface now supports transparently honoring the alignment and boundary constraints in the DMA tag when loading buffers, and `bus_dmamap_load()` will automatically use bounce buffers when needed. In addition, a set of sysctls hw.busdma.* for bus_dma(9) statistics has been added.

The contigmalloc(9) function has been reimplemented with an algorithm which stands a greatly-improved chance of working despite pressure from running programs. The old algorithm can be used by setting a sysctl vm.old_contigmalloc. More details can be found in the contigmalloc(9) manual page.

The devfs(5) path rules now work correctly on directories.

The getvfsent(3) API has been removed.

The hw.pci.allow_unsupported_io_range loader tunable has been removed.

jail(2) now supports the use of raw sockets from within a jail. This feature is disabled by default, and controlled by using the security.jail.allow_raw_sockets sysctl.

kqueue(2) now supports a new filter EVFILT_FS to be used to signal generic file system events to the user space. Currently, mount, unmount, and up/down status of NFS are signaled.

KDB, a new debugger framework, has been added. This consists of a new GDB backend, which has been rewritten to support threading, run-length encoding compression, and so on, and the frontend that provides a framework in which multiple, different debugger backends can be configured and which provides basic services to those backends. The following options have been changed:

- KDB is enabled by default via the kernel options options KDB, options GDB, and options DDB. Both DDB and GDB specify which KDB backends to include.

- WITNESS_DDB has been renamed to WITNESS_KDB.

- DDB_TRACE has been renamed to KDB_TRACE.

- DDB_UNATTENDED has been renamed to KDB_UNATTENDED.

- SC_HISTORY_DDBKEY has been renamed to SC_HISTORY_KDBKEY.

- DDB_NOKLDSYM has been removed. The new DDB backend supports pre-linker symbol lookups as well as KLD symbol lookups at the same time.

- GDB_REMOTE_CHAT has been removed. The GDB protocol hacks to allow this are FreeBSD specific. At the same time, the GDB protocol has packets for console output.

KDB also serves as the single point of contact for any and all code that wants to make use of the debugger functions, such as entering the debugger or handling of the alternate break sequence. For this purpose, the frontend has been made non-optional. All debugger requests are forwarded or handed over to the current backend, if applicable. Selection of the current backend is done by the debug.kdb.current sysctl. A list of configured backends can be obtained with the debug.kdb.available sysctl. One can enter the debugger by writing to the debug.kdb.enter sysctl.

A new sysctl debug.kdb.stop_cpus has been added. This controls whether or not IPI (Inter Processor Interrupts) to other CPUs will be delivered when entering the debugger, in order to stop them while in the debugger.

A new kernel option MAC_STATIC which disables internal MAC Framework synchronization protecting against dynamic load and unload of MAC policies, has been added.

The mac_bsdextended(4) policy can now apply only the first matching rule instead of all matching rules. This feature can be enabled by setting a new sysctl mac_bsdextended_firstmatch_enabled.

The mac_bsdextended(4) policy can now log failed attempts to syslog's AUTHPRIV facility. This feature can be enabled by setting a new sysctl mac_bsdextended_logging.

mballoc has been replaced with mbuma, an Mbuf and Cluster allocator built on top of a number of extensions to the UMA framework. Due to this change, the NMBCLUSTERS kernel option is no longer used. The maximum number of the clusters is still capped off according to maxusers, but it can be made unlimited by setting the kern.ipc.nmbclusters loader tunable to zero.

`/dev/kmem`, `/dev/mem`, and `/dev/io` are also provided as kernel loadable modules now.

A bug in mmap(2) that could cause pages marked as PROT_NONE to become readable under certain circumstances has been fixed. [MERGED]

A new loader tunable debug.mpsafenet has been added and enabled by default. This causes the FreeBSD network stack to operate without the Giant lock, resulting in performance improvement by increasing parallelism and decreasing latency in network processing. Note that enabling one of the ng_tty(4) Netgraph node type, KAME IPsec, and IPX/SPX subsystem results in a boot-time restoration of Giant-enabled network operation, or run-time warning on dynamic load as these components require Giant lock for correct operation.

A new kernel option NET_WITH_GIANT has been added. This restores the default value of debug.mpsafenet to 0, and is intended for use on systems compiled with known unsafe components, or where a more conservative configuration is desired.

A new loader tunable debug.mpsafevm has been added. This currently results in almost Giant-free execution of zero-fill page faults.

A devclass level has been added to the dev sysctl tree, in order to support per-class variables in addition to per-device variables. This means that dev.foo0.bar is now called dev.foo.0.bar, and it is possible to to have dev.foo.bar as well.

A new sysctl, kern.always_console_output, has been added. It makes output from the kernel go to the console despite the use of TIOCCONS.

A sysctl kern.sched.name which has the name of the scheduler currently in use, has been added, and the kern.quantum sysctl has been moved to kern.sched.quantum for consistency.

The pci(4) bus resource and power management have been updated.

> Note: Although the pci(4) bus power state management has been enabled by default, it may cause problems on some systems. This can be disabled by setting the tunable hw.pci.do_powerstate to 0.

The ULE scheduler has been added as an additional scheduler. Note that the conventional one, which is called 4BSD, is still used as the default scheduler in the `GENERIC` kernel. For the average user, interactivity is reported to be better in many cases. This means less ``skipping'' and ``jerking'' in interactive applications while the machine is very busy. This will not prevent problems due to overloaded disk subsystems, but it does help with overloaded CPUs. On SMP machines, ULE has per-CPU run queues which allow for CPU affinity, CPU binding, and advanced HyperThreading support, as well as providing a framework for more optimizations in the future. As fine-grained kernel locking continues, the scheduler will be able to make more efficient use of the available parallel resources.

A linear search algorithm used in vm_map_findspace(9) has been replaced with an O(log n) algorithm built into the map entry splay tree. This significantly reduces the overhead in vm_map_findspace(9) for applications that mmap(2) many hundreds or thousands of regions.

The loader tunables debug.witness_* have been renamed to debug.witness.*.

The FreeBSD dynamic and static linker now support Thread Local Storage (TLS), a GCC feature which supports a __thread modifier to the declaration of global and static variables. This extra modifier means that the variable's value is thread-local; one thread changing its value will not affect the value of the variable in any other thread.

The kernel's file descriptor allocation code has been updated, and is now derived from similar code in OpenBSD.

#### 2.2.1 Boot Loader Changes

#### 2.2.2 Hardware Support

The acpi_video(4) driver has been added to control display switching and backlight brightness using the ACPI Video Extensions.

The nmdm(4) driver has been rewritten to improve its reliability.

The `raid(4)` driver (RAIDframe disk driver from NetBSD) has been removed. It is currently non-functional, and would require some amount of work to make it work under the geom(4) API in 5-CURRENT.

The pcic(4) driver is no longer maintained and has been removed from the `GENERIC` kernel configuration file. The entry had actually been commented out for a long time.

The ubser(4) device driver has been added to support BWCT console management serial adapters.

ucycom(4) driver has been added for the Cypress CY7C637xx and CY7C640/1xx families of USB to RS232 bridges, such as the one found in the DeLorme Earthmate USB GPS receiver (which is the only device currently supported by this driver). This driver is not complete because there is no support yet for flow control and output.

The device driver infrastructure and many drivers have been updated. Among the changes: many more drivers now use automatically-assigned major numbers (instead of the old static major numbers); enhanced functions have been added to support cloning of pseudo-devices; several changes have been made to the driver API, including a new d_version field in struct cdevsw. Note that third-party device drivers will require recompiling after this change.

##### 2.2.2.1 Multimedia Support

The `meteor` (video capture) driver has been removed due to breakage and lack of maintainership.

The Direct Rendering Manager (DRM) code has been updated from the DRI Project CVS tree as of 26 May 2004. This update includes new PCI IDs and a new packet for Radeon.

The drivers for various sound cards have been reorganized; device sound is the generic sound driver, and device snd_* are device-specific sound drivers now. The `midi` driver, which supports serial port and several sound cards, has been removed. More details can be found in the related manual pages: sound(4), snd_ad1816(4), snd_als4000(4), snd_cmi(4), snd_cs4281(4), snd_csa(4), snd_ds1(4), snd_emu10k1(4), snd_es137x(4), snd_gusc(4), snd_maestro3(4), snd_sbc(4), snd_solo(4), and snd_uaudio(4).

The sound(4) (formerly pcm(4)) driver has been modified to read `/boot/device.hints` on startup, to allow setting of default values for mixer channels. Note that currently the device driver's name used in `/boot/device.hints` is still pcm. More detailed information and examples can be found in the sound(4) manual page.

##### 2.2.2.2 Network Interface Support

A short hiccup in the em(4) driver during parameter reconfiguration has been fixed. [MERGED]

The fwip(4) driver, which supports IP over FireWire, has been added. Note that currently the broadcast channel number is hardwired and MCAP for multicast channel allocation is not supported. This driver is intended to conform to the RFC 2734 and RFC 3146 standard for IP over FireWire and eventually replace the fwe(4) driver.

fxp(4) now uses the device sysctl tree such as dev.fxp0, and those sysctls can be set on a per-device basis.

fxp(4) now provides actual control over its capability to receive extended Ethernet frames, indicated by the VLAN_MTU interface capability. It can be toggled from userland with the aid of the vlanmtu and -vlanmtu options to ifconfig(8).

The hme(4) driver now natively supports long frames, so it can be used for vlan(4) with full Ethernet MTU size.

The hme(4) driver now supports TCP/UDP Transmit/Receive checksum offload. Since hme(4) does not compensate the checksum for UDP datagram which can yield to 0x0, UDP transmit checksum offload is disabled by default. This can be reactivated by setting the special link option link0 with ifconfig(8).

The ixgb(4) driver, which supports Intel PRO/10GBE 10 Gigabit Ethernet cards, has been added. [MERGED]

A bug that prevents VLAN support in the nge(4) driver from working has been fixed. [MERGED]

Several bugs related to polling(4) support in the rl(4) driver have been fixed. [MERGED]

Several bugs related to multicast and promiscuous mode handling in the sk(4) driver have been fixed.

The ste(4) driver now supports polling(4). [MERGED]

The udav(4) driver has been added. It provides support for USB Ethernet adapters based on the Davicom DM9601 chipset.

The vge(4) driver, which supports the VIA Networking Technologies VT6122 Gigabit Ethernet chip and integrated 10/100/1000 copper PHY, has been added.

The vr(4) driver now supports polling(4). [MERGED]

The hardware TX checksum support in the xl(4) driver has been disabled as it does not work correctly and slows down the transmission rate. [MERGED]

Interface polling(4) support can now be enabled on a per-interface basis. The following network drivers support polling(4): dc(4), fxp(4), em(4), ixgb(4), nge(4), re(4), rl(4), sis(4), ste(4), vge(4), and vr(4). And they now also support this capability and it can be controlled via ifconfig(8) except for ixgb(4). [MERGED]

#### 2.2.3 Network Protocols

The gre(4) tunnel driver now supports WCCP version 2.

ipfw(4) rules now support the versrcreach option to verify that a valid route to the source address of a packet exists in the routing table. This option is very useful for routers with a complete view of the Internet (BGP) in the routing table to reject packets with spoofed or unroutable source addresses. For example,

    deny ip from any to any not versrcreach

is equivalent to the following in Cisco IOS syntax:

    ip verify unicast source reachable-via any

ipfw(4) rules now support the antispoof option to verify that an incoming packet's source address belongs to a directly connected network. If the network is directly connected, then the interface on which the packet came in is compared to the interface to which the network is connected. When the incoming interface and the directly connected interface are not the same, the packet does not match. For example:

    deny ip from any to any not antispoof in

ipfw(4) rules now support the jail option to associate the rule with a specific prison ID. For example:

    count ip from any to any jail 2

Note that this rule currently applies for TCP and UDP packets only.

ipfw(4) now supports lookup tables. This feature is useful for handling large sparse address sets. [MERGED]

The ipfw(4) forward rule has to be compiled into the kernel with a kernel option IPFIREWALL_FORWARD to enable it.

A new sysctl net.inet.ip.process_options has been added to control the processing of IP options. When this sysctl is set to 0, IP options are ignored and passed unmodified; set to 1, all IP options are processed (default); and set to 2, all packets with IP options are rejected with an ICMP filter prohibited message.

Some bugs in the IPsec implementation from the KAME Project have been fixed. These bugs were related to freeing memory objects before all references to them were removed, and could cause erratic behavior or kernel panics after flushing the Security Policy Database (SPD).

natd(8) now supports multiple instances via a new option globalports. This allows natd(8) to bind to different network interfaces and share load.

The ng_atmllc(4) Netgraph node type, which handles RFC 1483 ATM LLC encapsulation, has been added.

The ng_hub(4) Netgraph node type, which supports a simple packet distribution that acts like an Ethernet hub, has been added. [MERGED]

The ng_rfc1490(4) Netgraph node type now supports Cisco style encapsulation, which is often used alongside RFC 1490 in frame relay links.

The ng_sppp(4) Netgraph node type, which is a netgraph(4) interface to the original sppp(4) network module for synchronous lines, has been added.

A new Netgraph method has been added to restore some behavior lost in the change from 4.X style ng_tee(4) Netgraph nodes.

The ng_vlan(4) Netgraph node type, which supports IEEE 802.1Q VLAN tagging, has been added. [MERGED]

PFIL_HOOKS support is now always compiled into the kernel, and the associated kernel compile options have been removed. All of the packet filter subsystems that FreeBSD supports now use the PFIL_HOOKS framework.

The link state change notification of Ethernet media support has been added to the routing socket.

Link Quality Monitoring (LQM) support in ppp(8) has been reimplemented. LQM, which is described in RFC 1989, allows PPP to keep track of the quality of a running connection. [MERGED]

The pseudo-interface cloning has been updated and the match function to allow creation of stf(4) interfaces named `stf0`, `stf`, or `6to4`. Note that this breaks backward compatibility; for example, `ifconfig stf` now creates the interface named `stf`, not `stf0`, and does not print `stf0` to stdout.

The following TCP features are now enabled by default: RFC 3042 (Limited Retransmit), RFC 3390 (increased initial congestion window sizes), TCP bandwidth-delay product limiting. The sysctls net.inet.tcp.rfc3042, net.inet.tcp.rfc3390, and net.inet.tcp.inflight.enable for these features are available. More information can be found in tcp(4).

FreeBSD's TCP implementation now includes support for a minimum MSS (settable via the net.inet.tcp.minmss sysctl variable) and a rate limit on connections that send many small TCP segments within a short period of time (via the net.inet.tcp.minmssoverload sysctl variable). Connections exceeding this limit may be reset and dropped. This feature provides protection against a class of resource exhaustion attacks.

The TCP implementation now includes partial (output-only) support for RFC 2385 (TCP-MD5) digest support. This feature, enabled with the TCP_SIGNATURE and FAST_IPSEC kernel options, is a TCP option for authenticating TCP sessions. setkey(8) now includes support for the TCP-MD5 class of security associations. [MERGED]

The TCP connection reset handling has been improved to make several reset attacks as difficult as possible while maintaining compatibility with the widest range of TCP stacks.

The implementation of RFC 1948 has been improved. The time offset component of an Initial Sequence Number (ISN) now includes random positive increments between clock ticks so that ISNs will always be increasing, no matter how quickly the port is recycled.

The random ephemeral port allocation, which comes from OpenBSD, has been implemented. This is enabled by default and can be disabled by using the net.inet.ip.portrange.randomized sysctl. [MERGED]

TCP Selective Acknowledgements (SACK) as described in RFC 2018 have been added. This improves TCP performance over connections with heavy packet loss. SACK can be enabled with the sysctl net.inet.tcp.sack.enable.

#### 2.2.4 Disks and Storage

The ata(4) driver now supports cardbus(4) ATA/SATA controllers.

A number of bugs in the ata(4) driver have been fixed. Most notably, master/slave device detection should work better, and some problems with timeouts should be resolved.

The ata(4) driver now supports the Promise command sequencer present on all modern Promise controllers (PDC203** PDC206**).

> Note: This also adds preliminary support for the Promise SX4/SX4000 as a ``normal'' Promise ATA controller; ATA RAID's are supported, but only RAID0, RAID1, and RAID0+1.

The DA_OLD_QUIRKS kernel option, which is for the CAM SCSI disk driver ( cam(4)), has been removed. [MERGED]

A bug in geom(4) that could result in I/O hangs in some rare cases has been fixed.

A new GEOM_CONCAT geom(4) class has been added to concatenate multiple disks to appear as a single larger disk.

A new GEOM_NOP geom(4) class for various testing purposes has been added.

A new GEOM_RAID3 geom(4) class for RAID3 transformation and graid3(8) userland utility have been added.

A new GEOM_STRIPE geom(4) class which implements RAID0 transformation has been added. This class has two modes: ``fast'' and ``economic''. In fast mode, when very small stripe size is used, only one I/O request will be sent to every disk in a stripe; it performs about 10 times faster for small stripe sizes than economic mode and other RAID0 implementations. While fast mode is used by default, it consumes more memory than economic mode, which sends requests each time. Economic mode can be enabled by setting a loader tunable kern.geom.stripe.fast to 0. It is also possible to specify the maximum memory that fast mode can consume, by setting the loader tunable kern.geom.stripe.maxmem.

GEOM Gate, which consists of a new GEOM_GATE geom(4) class and several GEOM Gate userland utilities ( ggatel(8), ggatec(8), and ggated(8)), has been added. It supports exporting devices, including non geom(4)-aware devices, through the network.

A new GEOM_LABEL geom(4) class to detect volume labels on various file systems, such as UFS, MSDOSFS (FAT12, FAT16, FAT32), and ISO9660, has been added.

A new GEOM_GPT geom(4) class, which supports GUID Partition Table (GPT) partitions and the ability to have a large number of partitions on a single disk, has been added into `GENERIC` by default.

A new GEOM_MIRROR geom(4) class to support RAID1 functionality has been added. The gmirror(8) utility can be used for control of this class.

A new GEOM_UZIP geom(4) class to implement read-only compressed disks has been added. This currently supports cloop V2.0 disk compression format.

A new GEOM_VINUM geom(4) class to support cooperation between vinum(4) and geom(4) has been added.

The ips(4) driver now supports the recent Adaptec ServeRAID series SCSI controller cards.

The umass(4) driver now supports the missing ATAPI MMC commands and handles the timeout properly. [MERGED]

The vinum(4) volume manager has been updated to use the geom(4) disk I/O request transformation framework. A `gvinum` userland utility has been added.

Support for LSI-type software RAID has been added.

#### 2.2.5 File Systems

The EXT2FS file system code now includes partial support for large (> 4GB) files. This support is partial in that it will refuse to create large files on file systems that have not been upgraded to EXT2_DYN_REV or that do not have the EXT2_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_LARGE_FILE flag set in the superblock.

A panic in the NFSv4 client has been fixed; this occurred when attempting operations against an NFSv3/NFSv2-only server.

The MSDOSFS_LARGE kernel option has been added to support FAT32 file systems bigger than 128GB. This option is disabled by default. It uses at least 32 bytes of kernel memory for each file on disk; furthermore it is only safe to use in certain controlled situations, such as read-only mount with less than 1 million files and so on. Exporting these large file systems over NFS is not supported.

The SMBFS client now has support for SMB request signing, which prevents ``man in the middle'' attacks and is required in order to connect to Windows 2003 servers in their default configuration. As signing each message imposes a significant performance penalty, this feature is only enabled if the server requires it; this may eventually become an option to mount_smbfs(8).

#### 2.2.6 Contributed Software

The ALTQ framework has been imported from a KAME snapshot as of 7 June 2004. This import breaks ABI compatibility of struct ifnet and requires all network drives to be recompiled. Additionally, some of the networking drivers have been modified to support the ALTQ framework. Updated drivers are bfe(4), em(4), fxp(4), em(4), lnc(4), tun(4), de(4), rl(4), sis(4), and xl(4).

IPFilter has been updated from version 3.4.31 to version 3.4.35 [MERGED].

An ia64 stack unwinder, Unwind Express (libuwx) by Hewlett-Packard has been imported for use in the kernel.

### 2.3 Userland Changes

acpidump(8) now supports SSDT tables. Dumping or disassembling the DSDT will now include the contents if there are any SSDT table as well.

bsdlabel(8) now supports a -f option to work on files instead of disk partitions.

bsdtar(1) is now the default tar(1) utility in the FreeBSD base system. `/usr/bin/tar` is a symlink pointing to `/usr/bin/bsdtar` by default. To return to using `/usr/bin/gtar` by default, the WITH_GTAR make variable can be used.

The `bthidcontrol` and `bthidd` commands, which support Bluetooth HIDs (Human Interface Devices), have been added.

col(1), colcrt(1), colrm(1), column(1), fmt(1), join(1), rev(1), tr(1), and ul(1) now support multibyte characters.

conscontrol(8) now supports set and unset commands which set/unset the virtual console. unset makes output from the system, such as the kernel printf(9), always go to the real main console. This is an interface to the tty ioctl TIOCCONS.

The cron(8) daemon accepts two new options, -j and -J, to enable time jitter for jobs to run as unprivileged users and the superuser, respectively. Time jitter means that cron(8) will sleep for a small random period of time in the specified range before executing a job. This feature is intended to smooth load peaks appearing when a lot of jobs are scheduled for a particular moment. [MERGED]

cut(1)'s -c, -d, and -f options now work correctly in locales with multibyte characters.

cvs(1) now supports an iso8601 option keyword to print dates in ISO 8601 format.

daemon(8) now supports a -p option to create a PID file.

dd(1) now supports a fillchar option to specify an alternative padding character when using a conversion mode, or when using noerror with sync and an input error occurs.

df(1) now supports a -c option to display a grand total of statistics for file systems.

A bug in df(1), which can print invalid information when a -t option is specified and a mount point is not accessible by the calling user, has been fixed.

The `doscmd` utility has been removed from the FreeBSD base system. It is now available via the `emulators/doscmd` port in the FreeBSD Ports Collection.

dump(8) and restore(8) now support a -P option to specify backup methods other than files and tapes. The argument is passed to a normal sh(1) pipeline with either the $DUMP_VOLUME or $RESTORE_VOLUME environment variable defined, respectively. For more information, see dump(8) and restore(8).

The eeprom(8) utility to display and modify system configurations stored in EEPROM or NVRAM has been added. The current implementation supports systems equipped with Open Firmware.

fgetwln(3) function, a wide character version of fgetln(3), has been added.

The find(1) utility now supports a -acl primary to locate files with acl(3).

The find(1) utility now supports a new primary -depth n which tests whether the depth of the current file relative to the starting point of the traversal is n. [MERGED]

ftpd(8) now opens a socket for a data transfer in active mode using the effective UID of the current user, not `root`. This is useful for matching anonymous FTP data traffic with a single ipfw(8) rule with uid.

The ftw(3) and nftw(3) functions to traverse a directory hierarchy have been implemented.

The geom(8) utility for operating on geom(4) classes from the userland has been added.

gpt(8), a GUID partition table maintenance utility, now supports a remove command. Its add command now supports a -i option, which allows the user to specify the partition number of a new partition.

id(1) now supports a -M option to print the MAC label of the current process.

ifconfig(8) now supports renaming of network interfaces at run-time using the name parameter.

ifconfig(8) now prints the polling(4) status on the interface. [MERGED]

ifconfig(8) now provides the vlanmtu and -vlanmtu options, which control the capability of some Ethernet interfaces to receive extended frames (i.e. frames containing more than 1500 bytes of payload).

ifconfig(8) now provides the vlanhwtag and -vlanhwtag options, which control the capability of some Ethernet interfaces to process VLAN tags in the hardware.

indent(1) now supports a -ldi option to control indentation of local variables. A number of other tunings were made to this utility.

indent(1) now supports -fbs and -ut for function declarations with the opening brace on the same line as the declaration of arguments all spaces and no tabs in order to fix problem when non-8 space tabs are used.

ip6fw(8) now supports a -n flag to stop it from making any changes to the rules in the kernel.

ipcs(1) now supports a -u option to display information about IPC mechanisms owned by the specified user.

ipfw(8) now supports a -b flag to print only the action and comment for each rule, thus omitting the rule body.

jail(8) now supports a -U option to run a command as a user which exists only in the jail(2) environment.

jail(8) now supports a -l option to clean the environment. All environment variables are discarded except for HOME, SHELL, PATH, TERM, and USER before running the jailed program under a specific user's credentials. This behavior is similar to that provided by the su(1) -l option.

kgdb(1), a kernel debugging utility which uses libgdb and understands kernel threads, kernel modules, and kvm(3), has been added.

killall(1) now supports a -e flag to make the -u operate on effective, rather than real, user IDs. [MERGED]

libalias(3) now has support (and a new API) for multiple aliasing instances in a single process. The existing API has been reimplemented in terms of the new one to preserve compatibility.

A libarchive library for manipulation of compressed and uncompressed archive files has been added. More details can be found in libarchive(3).

libdisk now uses d_addr_t for disk addresses. This allows sysinstall(8) to properly handle disks and file systems more than 1 TB.

The library formerly known as libkse has been renamed libpthread and is now the default threading library on the i386, amd64, and ia64 platforms. GCC's -pthread option has been changed to use libpthread rather than libc_r.

> Note: Users with older binaries (for example, ports compiled before this change was made) should use libmap.conf(5) to map libc_r and/or libkse to libpthread.

> Note: Users with NVIDIA-supplied drivers and libraries may need to use a libmap.conf(5) that maps libpthread references to the older libc_r since these drivers and utilities do not work with libpthread.

libpthread now supports a LIBPTHREAD_SYSTEM_SCOPE environment variable to force 1:1 mode (using system scope threads). Note that building libpthread with -DSYSTEM_SCOPE_ONLY flag also forces 1:1 mode, and that this option is set by default for architectures that do not support M:N mode yet. In addition, a LIBPTHREAD_PROCESS_SCOPE environment variable can be used to force M:N mode (using process scope threads). For example:

    % env LIBPTHREAD_SYSTEM_SCOPE=yes threaded_app

forces the application threaded_app to use system scope threads, and

    % env LIBPTHREAD_PROCESS_SCOPE=yes threaded_app

forces it to use process scope threads.

A bug in the -d option of look(1) has been fixed. Also, look(1) now works correctly in locales with multibyte characters.

ls(1) now treats filenames as multibyte character strings according to the current LC_CTYPE when determining which characters are printable.

make(1) now supports the new .warning directive.

make(1) now supports the POSIX-compatible + flag in `Makefile` command lines, which causes a line to be executed even when -n is specified. This is useful for calls to submakes, for example.

make(1) now puts variable assignments from the command line into the MAKEFLAGS variable as required by POSIX. This causes such variables to be pushed into all sub-makes called by the make(1) (except when the MAKEFLAGS variable is explicitly changed in the sub-make's environment). This makes them also mostly un-overrideable in sub-makes except on the sub-make's command line.

The nearbyint(3) and nearbyintf(3) C99 functions have been implemented.

The `tgmath.h` C99 header has been implemented. This provides type-generic macros for the `math.h` and `complex.h` functions that have float, double and long double implementations.

The GNU extensions of mbsnrtowcs(3) and wcsnrtombs(3) have been implemented.

newsyslog(8) now allows users to set a debugging option via the `newsyslog.conf` file.

newsyslog(8) uses a new order when processing files to rotate. It first rotates all files that need to be rotated, then sends a single signal to each process which needs to be signaled, and finally compresses all the files that were rotated.

A nextwctype(3) function to iterate over all characters in a particular character class has been added.

Initial support for UTF-8 versions of all the currently supported system locales has been added. This is primarily for the benefit of the `misc/utf8locale` port.

An Israel Hebrew locale he_IL.UTF-8 has been added.

The logins(1) utility has been added to display information about user and system accounts.

mountd(8) now supports the -p option, which allows users to specify a known port for use in firewall rulesets.

netstat(1) now displays the multicast group memberships present in the system.

newfs(8) and mdmfs(8) now support a -l flag to enable them to set the MAC multilabel flag on new file systems without requiring the use of tunefs(8).

nologin(8) now reports login attempts via syslogd(8).

nologin(8) has been moved from `/sbin/nologin` to `/usr/sbin/nologin`. `/sbin/nologin` remains as a symbolic link for backward compatibility.

A bugfix has been applied to NSS support, which fixes problems when using third-party NSS modules (such as `net/nss_ldap`) and groups with large membership lists.

od(1) now has POSIX-style support for multibyte characters.

patch(1) has been replaced with a BSD-licensed version from OpenBSD. This includes a --posix option for strict POSIX conformance.

The pgrep(1) and pkill(1) commands, which come from NetBSD, have been added. They also support a -M option to extract values associated with the name list from the specified core instead of the default `/dev/kmem`, and a -N option to extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default kernel.

ppp(8) now supports a ``set rad_alive N'' command to enable periodic RADIUS accounting information being sent to the RADIUS server. [MERGED]

ppp(8) now supports a ``set pppoe [standard|3Com]'' command to configure the operating mode of an underlying ng_pppoe(4) Netgraph node.

ps(1) compatibility with POSIX/SUSv3 has been improved. The changes include -p for a list of process IDs, -t for a list of terminal names, -A which is equivalent to -ax, -G for a list of group IDs, -X which is the opposite of -x, and some minor improvements. For more information, see ps(1). [MERGED]

ps(1) now supports a -O emul format option, which prints the name of the system call emulation environment the process is in.

pw(8) now supports a -H option, which accepts an encrypted password on a file descriptor. [MERGED]

A bug in rarpd(8) that prevents it from working properly when a interface has more than one IP address has been fixed. [MERGED]

regex(3) now supports regular expression matching aware of multibyte characters.

The configuration files used by the resolver(3) now support the timeout: and attempts: keywords.

The resolver(3) and associated interfaces are now much more reentrant and thread-safe. Multiple DNS lookups can now be run at the same time, showing major improvements in the performance of some multi-threaded applications. Some multi-threaded programs need to be recompiled; examples from the Ports Collection are `www/mozilla` and variants, `mail/evolution`, `devel/gnomevfs`, and `devel/gnomevfs2`.

rmdir(1) now supports a -v flag, which makes it verbose.

savecore(8) now works correctly for dump files larger than 2GB.

A bug in script(1) has been fixed so that it now works correctly if the standard input is closed. This fix prevents a potentially dangerous interaction with the `sysutils/portupgrade` package; if it was run non-interactively, it could remove all out-of-date ports without reinstalling them.

The sdpd(8) Bluetooth Service Discovery Protocol daemon has been added.

sed(1)'s y (translate) command now supports multibyte characters.

The sha1(1) and rmd160(1) utilities have been added. Similar to md5(1), they calculate a message digest of their inputs. [MERGED]

smbmsg(8), a small utility to send/receive SMBus messages, has been added.

talk(1) now uses `localhost` as a default machine name in talkd(8) request packets when the destination and source are local. This makes talk(1) dependent on a valid host entry for `localhost` in `/etc/hosts` or the DNS.

tftpd(8) now supports two new options: a -w option allows new files to be created, and a -U option allows the umask to be set.

top(1) can now display the current amount of I/O. This feature can be enabled by hitting ``m'' or passing the command line option -m io.

Many userland utilities in the base system (mostly GNU contributed utilities) now use the system version of getopt_long(3), rather than the GNU version.

#### 2.3.1 `/etc/rc.d` Scripts

The `diskless` script has been split out into `hostname`, `resolve`, `tmp`, and `var` scripts.

The `gbde_swap` script, which supports gbde-enabled swap devices, has been added. When the gbde_swap_enable variable is specified in rc.conf(5), a swap device named `/dev/foo.bde` in fstab(5) is automatically attached at boot time with the device `/dev/foo` and a random key, which is generated by computing the MD5 checksum of 512 bytes read from `/dev/random`. Note that this prevents recovery of kernel dumps.

The ip6addrctl_enable and ip6addrctl_verbose variables have been added. When ip6addrctl_enable is set to YES, the address selection policy is installed into the kernel. If `/etc/ip6addrctl.conf` exists, it will be used; otherwise, a default policy will be installed. The default policy is one described in RFC 3484 when ipv6_enable is set to YES. Otherwise, the priority policy for IPv4 address will be used as a default policy.

The `mixer` script has been added. It saves the current settings of all audio mixers present in the system on shutdown and restores the settings on boot.

The `named` script has been updated to support BIND 9 in the base system. The changes include:

- named(8) runs in a chroot(2) directory `/var/named` by default. The named_chrootdir variable can be used to disable this behavior or to change the chroot(2) directory.

- When the named_chroot_autoupdate variable is set to YES (the default), the chroot directory is automatically configured at the boot time. A symbolic link which points to `/var/named/etc/namedb` is created as `/etc/namedb`, and a symbolic link which points to `/var/named/var/run/named/pid` is created as `/var/run/named/pid`. The latter can be disabled by using the named_symlink_enable variable in `rc.conf`.

- The `rndc.key` file is automatically created if it does not exist.

The `pf` and `pflog` scripts for pf(4) have been added.

### 2.4 Contributed Software

The ACPI-CA code has been updated from the 20030619 snapshot to the 20040527 snapshot.

The AMD (am-utils) has been updated from version 6.0.9 to version 6.0.10p1.

awk from Bell Labs has been updated from the 29 July 2003 release to the 7 February 2004 release.

BIND has been updated from version 8.3.1-REL to version 9.3.0.

CVS has been updated from version 1.11.15 to version 1.11.17. [MERGED]

The FILE has been updated from version 3.41 to version 4.10.

gdtoa (a library that performs conversions of numbers between binary and decimal form) has been updated from version 20030324 to version 20040118.

GDB has been updated to version 6.1.1.

GNU Binutils has been updated to a 23 May 2004 snapshot from the FSF 2.15 branch.

GNU GCC has been updated from 3.3.3-prerelease as of 6 November 2003 to 3.4.2-prerelease as of 28 July 2004.

GNU grep has been updated from version 2.4d to version 2.5.1.

GNU less has been updated from version 371 to version 381.

GNU readline 4.3 has been updated with official patches 001 through 005.

The GNU regex library has been updated to the version included with GNU grep 2.5.1.

GNU sort has been updated from textutils 2.1 to a coreutils snapshot as of 12 August 2004.

The GNU tar implementation in the base system is now called `gtar`.

Heimdal Kerberos has been updated from version 0.6 to version 0.6.1.

The ISC DHCP client has been updated from version 3.0.1 RC10 to version 3.0.1.

libpcap has been updated from version 0.7.1 to version 0.8.3.

lukemftpd has been updated from a snapshot as of 3 November 2003 to one as of 9 August 2004.

NTP has been updated from version 4.1.1a to version 4.2.0.

OpenPAM has been updated from the Dogwood release to the Eelgrass release.

OpenSSH has been updated from version 3.6.1p1 to version 3.8.1p1.

> Note: The configuration defaults for sshd(8) have been changed. SSH protocol version 1 is no longer enabled by default. In addition, password authentication over SSH is disabled by default if PAM is enabled.

OpenSSL has been updated from version 0.9.7c to version 0.9.7d. [MERGED]

OpenSSL VIA C3 Nehemiah PadLock ACE (Advanced Cryptography Engine) crypto support, which provides Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption, has been imported from a prerelease version of OpenSSL.

pf, OpenBSD's packet filter as of OpenBSD 3.5-stable, has been imported into the FreeBSD source tree and is now installed by default. Two new users (`proxy` and `_pflogd`) and three new groups (`authpf`, `proxy`, and `_pflogd`), which pf needs, have been added as well.

> Note: On upgrading from source, these user accounts must be added in advance. mergemaster -p can be used to assist in creating the proper entries in the passwd(5) and group(5) files. The NO_PF variable in `make.conf` can be used to prevent pf from building.

Several userland utilities of OpenBSD's pf have been imported. ftp-proxy(8) is an ftp proxy for pf(4), pfctl(8) is an equivalent to ipf(8), pflogd(8) is a daemon which logs packets via if_pflog in pcap(3) format, and authpf(8) is an authentication shell to modify pf(4) rulesets.

routed has been updated from release 2.22 to release 2.27 from rhyolite.com. Note that for users relying on RIP's MD5 authentication feature, routed(8) routed is now incompatible with previous versions of FreeBSD; however, it is now compatible with implementations from Sun, Cisco and other vendors.

sendmail has been updated from version 8.12.10 to version 8.13.1. [MERGED]

tcpdump has been updated from version 3.7.1 to version 3.8.3.

tcsh has been updated from version 6.11 to version 6.13.00.

The timezone database has been updated from `tzdata2003a` to `tzdata2004e`.

zlib has been updated from version 1.1.4 to version 1.2.1.

### 2.5 Ports/Packages Collection Infrastructure

Most of the startup/shutdown scripts installed by various ports now use the new rc(8) framework introduced in FreeBSD 5.X, while some ports still use the old-style scripts. On startup, the new rc(8) style scripts are executed before the old-style scripts. On shutdown, exactly the reverse happens.

The SIZE attribute for distfiles, which can be used for checking file sizes before fetching, has been added and enabled by default. DISABLE_SIZE is a user control knob to disable the distfile size checking. This is especially useful on old FreeBSD versions which did not have fetch(1) support for this, and for some FTP proxies which always report incorrect or bogus sizes.

Two new files have been added to the ports tree to track noteworthy changes: `ports/CHANGES` lists major changes to the Ports Collection and its infrastructure. `ports/UPDATING` describes some potential pitfalls that can be encountered when updating certain ports, analogous to `src/UPDATING` for the base system.

The version number parsing code has been rewritten in the system `pkg_*` tools, restoring compatibility with 4.x and `sysutils/portupgrade`.

The package tools can now match packages with relational operators and csh-style {...} choices. For example:

    # pkg_info -I 'docbook>=3.0'

will list (all) docbook DTDs with at least version 3.0. Additional command line options have also been added to aid pattern matching.

The package tools have improved handling of corrupt package databases.

pkg_create(1) now supports a -S option to make all @cwd paths be prefixed during package creation.

pkg_info(1) now supports a -j option to show the requirements script for each package.

### 2.6 Release Engineering and Integration

FreeBSD cryptography support is no longer an optional component of releases, and the crypto release distribution is now part of base. Note that the -DNOCRYPT build option still exists for anyone who really wants to build non-cryptographic binaries.

The supported release of GNOME has been updated from version 2.4 to version 2.6.2.

> Note: If you are using the older GNOME desktop itself (`x11/gnome2`), simply upgrading it from the FreeBSD Ports Collection with portupgrade(1) (`sysutils/portupgrade`) will cause serious problems. If you are a GNOME desktop user, please read the instructions carefully at http://www.FreeBSD.org/gnome/docs/faq26.html, and use the `gnome_upgrade.sh` script to properly upgrade to GNOME 2.6.

> Note that if you are just a casual user of some of the GNOME libraries, portupgrade(1) should be sufficient to update your ports.

The supported release of KDE has been updated from version 3.1.4 to version 3.3.0.

The `security/portaudit` utility has been added to the FreeBSD Ports Collection. This utility will read a database containing known ports vulnerabilities and report them to the administrator.

FreeBSD now uses Xorg instead of XFree86 as the default X Window System. The supported release is Xorg X11R6.7.0. Note that XFree86 is also available in the FreeBSD Ports Collection (`x11/XFree86-4`).

### 2.7 Documentation

## 3 Upgrading from previous releases of FreeBSD

Users with existing FreeBSD systems are highly encouraged to read the ``FreeBSD 5.3-RELEASE Migration Guide''. This document generally has the filename `MIGRATE5.TXT` on the distribution media, or any other place that the release notes can be found. It offers some notes on migrating from FreeBSD 4.X, but more importantly, also discusses some of the relative merits of upgrading to FreeBSD 5.X versus running FreeBSD 4.X.

> Important: Upgrading FreeBSD should, of course, only be attempted after backing up all data and configuration files.

This file, and other release-related documents, can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/.

For questions about FreeBSD, read the documentation before contacting <questions@FreeBSD.org>.

For questions about this documentation, e-mail <doc@FreeBSD.org>.